Stripe's documentation lists the building blocks. Checkout is a prebuilt payment page, hosted by Stripe or embedded in yours, for one-time and subscription payments. Elements and the Payment Element are prebuilt components for your own page; Stripe.js tokenises the card details so they do not pass through your server. Stripe recommends Checkout Sessions with the Payment Element for most integrations. Payment Intents suit flows you build yourself, where tax, discounts and shipping are yours to handle.
Around those sit Billing for subscriptions and invoices, Connect for marketplaces, Radar for fraud rules, Tax for calculating sales tax and VAT, and a Refunds API for full and partial refunds to the original payment method.